COLD WAR ISSUES

The Yalta Conference: Stalin, Churchill, FDR

Marshall Plan
TURKEY--$225.1 million
FRANCE--$2,713.6 million
GREECE--$706.7 million PORTUGAL--$51.2 m
WEST GERMANY--$1,390.6 million
AUSTRIA--$677.8 million
ITALY--$1,508.8 million SWEDEN--$107.3 m

COMECON: ROMANIA, EAST GERMANY,
HUNGARY, BULGARIA
Also in the Soviet Sphere:
YUGOSLAVIA, CZECHOSLOVAKIA, POLAND



Winston S. Churchill:"Iron Curtain Speech," March 5, 1946
It is my duty, however, to place before you certain facts about the present position in Europe.
From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia; all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I must call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence but to a very high and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow.
The safety of the world, ladies and gentlemen, requires a unity in Europe, from which no nation should be permanently outcast. It is from the quarrels of the strong parent races in Europe that the world wars we have witnessed, or which occurred in former times, have sprung.
Twice the United States has had to send several millions of its young men across the Atlantic to fight the wars. But now we all can find any nation, wherever it may dwell, between dusk and dawn. Surely we should work with conscious purpose for a grand pacification of Europe within the structure of the United Nations and in accordance with our Charter.


Joseph Stalin: Reply to Churchill, 1946
... In substance, Mr. Churchill now stands in the position of a firebrand of war. And Mr. Churchill is not alone here. He has friends not only in England but also in the United States of America. In this respect, one is reminded remarkably of Hitler and his friends. Hitler began to set war loose by announcing his racial theory, declaring that only people speaking the German language represent a fully valuable nation. Mr. Churchill begins to set war loose, also by a racial theory, maintaining that only nations speaking the English language are fully valuable nations, called upon to decide the destinies of the entire world. The German racial theory brought Hitler and his friends to the conclusion that the Germans, as the only fully valuable nation, must rule over other nations. The English racial theory brings Mr. Churchill and his friends to the conclusion that nations speaking the English language, being the only fully valuable nations, should rule over the remaining nations of the world....





UNITED STATES ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION, Washington, D. C., May 27,1954.
Subject: Findings and recommendation of the Personnel Security Board in the case of Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer.
Mr. K. D. NICHOLS, General Manager, U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, 1901 Constitution Avenue NW., Washington 25, D. C.

DEAR MR. NICHOLS: On December 23, 1953, Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer was notified by letter that his security clearance had been suspended. He was furnished a list of items of derogatory information and was advised of his rights to a hearing under AEC procedures. On March 4, 1954, Dr. Oppenheimer requested that he be afforded a hearing. A hearing has been conducted by the Board appointed by you for this purpose, and we submit our findings and recommendation.


ECONOMIC RECONSTRUCTION:


Remarks of Secretary of State,
George C. Marshall at Harvard, June 5, 1947
“The truth of the matter is that Europe's requirements for the next three or four years of foreign food and other essential products--principally from America--are so much greater than her present ability to pay that she must have substantial additional help or face economic, social, and political deterioration of a very grave character.
The remedy lies in breaking the vicious circle and restoring the confidence of the European people in the economic future of their own countries and of Europe as a whole. The manufacturer and the farmer throughout wide areas must be able and willing to exchange their products for currencies, the continuing value of which is not open to question.”

Truman Doctrine: 1947
The U.S. should give economic aid to countries where communism threatens to take over (especially Greece and Turkey).

The Truman doctrine creates the
“two worlds” theory crucial to understanding the Cold War.

Marshall Plan:
Greece: $277 million
Turkey: $225 million
France: $2.7 billion
West Germany: $1.3 billion
Italy: $1.5 billion
England: $3 billion


How much did the Marshall Plan really remake Europe?
Economically: 2% of GDP
Symbolically: (much more)